[2025] Nils Neukirch, Johanna Vielhaben, and Nils Strodthoff. Featinv: Spatially resolved mapping from feature space to input space using conditional diffusion models. arXiv preprint 2505.21032, 2025. arXiv Code. CV GenAI XAI

[2025] Ciaran Bench, Vivek Desai, Mohammad Moulaeifard, Nils Strodthoff, Philip Aston, and Andrew Thompson. Uncertainty quantification with approximate variational learning for wearable photoplethysmography prediction tasks. arXiv preprint 2505.11412, 2025. arXiv. PPG UQ

[2025] Mohammad Moulaeifard, Loic Coquelin, Mantas Rinkevičius, Andrius Sološenko, Oskar Pfeffer, Ciaran Bench, Nando Hegemann, Sara Vardanega, Manasi Nandi, Jordi Alastruey, Christian Heiss,  Vaidotas Marozas, Andrew Thompson, Philip J. Aston, Peter H. Charlton, and Nils Strodthoff. Machine-learning for photoplethysmography analysis: Benchmarking feature, image, and signal-based approaches. arXiv preprint 2502.19949, 2025. arXiv Code. PPG

[2025] Mohammad Moulaeifard, Peter H. Charlton, and Nils Strodthoff. Generalizable deep learning for photoplethysmography-based blood pressure estimation – a benchmarking study. arXiv preprint 2502.19167, 2025. arXiv Code. PPG

[2025] Zahra Mansour, Verena Uslar, Dirk Weyhe, Danilo Hollosi, and Nils Strodthoff. Benchmarking machine learning for bowel sound pattern classification from tabular features to pretrained models. arXiv preprint 2502.15607, 2025. arXiv Code. Sound

[2025] Juan Miguel Lopez Alcaraz, Ebenezer Oloyede, David Taylor, Wilhelm Haverkamp, and Nils Strodthoff, Explainable and externally validated machine learning for neuropsychiatric diagnosis via electrocardiograms. arXiv preprint 2502.04918, 2025. arXiv Code. ECG

[2024] Juan Miguel Lopez Alcaraz, Wilhelm Haverkamp and Nils Strodthoff. Cardiolab: Explainable machine learning for neoplasms diagnosis via electrocardiograms: an externally validated study. arXiv preprint 2412.07737, 2024. arXiv Code. ECG

[2024] Juan Miguel Lopez Alcaraz and Nils Strodthoff. Cardiolab: Laboratory values estimation and monitoring from electrocardiogram signals – a multimodal deep learning approach. arXiv preprint 2411.14886, 2024. arXiv Code. ECG

[2024] Juan Miguel Lopez Alcaraz, Nils Strodthoff. CausalConceptTS: Causal Attributions for Time Series Classication using High Fidelity Diffusion Models. arXiv preprint 2405.15871, 2024.  arXiv Code. TS GenAI XAI

[2022] Johanna Vielhaben, Stefan Blücher, Nils Strodthoff. Sparse Subspace Clustering for Concept Discovery (SSCCD). arXiv preprint 2203.06043, 2022.  arXiv. XAI

[2019] Kim Nicoli, Pan Kessel, Nils Strodthoff, Wojciech Samek, Klaus-Robert Müller, and Shinichi Nakajima. Comment on "Solving Statistical Mechanics Using VANs": Introducing saVANt - VANs Enhanced by Importance and MCMC Sampling. arXiv preprint 1903.11048, 2019.  arXiv. Physics

[2025] Juan Miguel Lopez Alcaraz, Hjalmar Bouma, Nils Strodthoff. Enhancing clinical decision support with physiological waveforms—a multimodal benchmark in emergency care. Computers in Biology and Medicine 192, 110196, 2025.  Publisher arXiv Code. EHR ECG MM

[2025] Tiezhi Wang, Nils Strodthoff. S4sleep: Elucidating the design space of deep-learning-based sleep stage classification models. Computers in Biology and Medicine 187, 109735, 2025.  Publisher arXiv Code. TS EEG Bench

[2024] Stefan Blücher, Johanna Vielhaben, Nils Strodthoff. Decoupling Pixel Flipping and Occlusion Strategy for Consistent XAI Benchmarks. Transactions on Machine Learning Research, 2024.  Publisher arXiv Code. XAI

[2024] Nils Strodthoff, Juan Miguel Lopez Alcaraz, Wilhelm Haverkamp. Prospects for articial intelligence-enhanced ecg as a unied screening tool for cardiac and non-cardiac conditions -- an explorative study in emergency care. European Heart Journal – Digital Health, 2024.  Publisher arXiv Code. ECG

[2024] Patrick Wagner, Temesgen Mehari, Wilhelm Haverkamp, Nils Strodthoff. Explaining Deep Learning for ECG Analysis: Building Blocks for Auditing and Knowledge Discovery. Computers in Biology and Medicine 176, 108525, 2024.  Publisher arXiv Code Data. >25 citations ECG

[2024] Gabriel Ott, Yannik Schaubelt, Juan Miguel Lopez Alcaraz, Nils Strodthoff. Using explainable AI to investigate electrocardiogram changes during healthy aging—From expert features to raw signals. PLOS ONE 19 no. 4, e0302024, 2024.  Publisher arXiv Code. ECG

[2024] Zahra Mansour, Verena Uslar, Dirk Weyhe, Danilo Hollosi, Nils Strodthoff. Sonicguard sensor- a multichannel acoustic sensor for long-term monitoring of abdominal sounds examined through a qualification study, Sensors 24 no. 6, 2024.  Publisher. Sound

[2024] Markus Wenzel, Erik Grüner, Nils Strodthoff. Insights into the inner workings of transformer models for protein function prediction. Bioinformatics 2024 (to appear), 2024.  Publisher arXiv Code. Prot LLM Bench XAI

[2024] Temesgen Mehari, Ashish Sundar, Alen Bosnjakovic, Peter Harris, Steven E. Williams, Axel Loewe, Olaf Doessel, Claudia Nagel, Nils Strodthoff, Philip J. Aston. ECG Feature Importance Rankings: Cardiologists vs. Algorithms. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics 28 no. 4, 2014-2024, 2024.  Publisher arXiv Code. ECG XAI

[2023] Temesgen Mehari and Nils Strodthoff. Towards quantitative precision for ECG analysis: Leveraging state space models, self-supervision and patient metadata. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics 27 no. 11, 53265334, 2024.  Publisher arXiv Code. ECG SSL Bench

[2023] Wilhelm Haverkamp, Nils Strodthoff, Jonathan Tennenbaum, Carsten Israel. Big Hype about ChatGPT in medicine. Herzschrittmachertherapie + Elektrophysiologie 34 no. 3, 240245, 2023. LLM

[2023] Wilhelm Haverkamp, Jonathan Tennenbaum, Nils Strodthoff. ChatGPT fails the test of evidence-based medicine. European Heart Journal- Digital Health 4, No. 5, 366-367, 2023.  Publisher. LLM

[2023] Juan Miguel Lopez Alcaraz and Nils Strodthoff. Diffusion-based conditional ecg generation with structured state space models. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 107115, 2023.  Publisher arXiv Code. >50 citations GenAI ECG

[2023] Nils Strodthoff, Temesgen Mehari, T., Nagel, C. et al. PTB-XL+, a comprehensive electrocardiographic feature dataset. Sci Data 10, 279, 2023.  Publisher Dataset Code. >25 citations ECG

[2023] Johanna Vielhaben, Stefan Blücher, and Nils Strodthoff. Multi-dimensional concept discovery (MCD): A unifying framework with completeness guarantees. Transactions on Machine Learning Research, 2023.  Publisher arXiv Code Video. >25 citations XAI

[2023] Maximilian Springenberg, Annika Frommholz, Markus Wenzel, Eva Weicken, Jackie Ma, and Nils Strodthoff. From Modern CNNs to Vision Transformers: Assessing the Performance, Robustness, and Classification Strategies of Deep Learning Models in Histopathology. Medical Image Analysis 87, 102809, 2023.  Publisher arXiv Code. IF 13.8 >50 citations Bench Robust

[2022] Juan Miguel Lopez Alcaraz and Nils Strodthoff. Diffusion-based time series imputation and forecasting with structured state space models, Transactions on Machine Learning Research, 2023.  Publisher arXiv Code. >225 citations TS GenAI

[2022] Patrick Wagner, Nils Strodthoff, Patrick Wurzel, Arturo Marban, Sonja Scharf, Hendrik Schäfer, Philipp Seegerer, Andreas Loth, Sylvia Hartmann, Frederick Klauschen, Klaus-Robert Müller, Wojciech Samek, Martin-Leo Hansmann. New definitions of human lymphoid and follicular cell entities in lymphatic tissue by machine learning. Scientific Reports 12, No.1, 2022.  Publisher. Patho

[2022] Wilhelm Haverkamp, Nils Strodthoff, Carsten Israel. Ecg diagnostics using artificial intelligence – current status and future perpectives. part 2: Recent studies.
Herzschrittmachertherapie + Elektrophysiologie 33, No.2, 232-240, 2022.  Publisher. ECG Review

[2022] Wilhelm Haverkamp, Nils Strodthoff, Carsten Israel. Ecg diagnostics using artificial intelligence – current status and future perspectives. part 1: Basics aspects. Herzschrittmachertherapie + Elektrophysiologie 33, No.3, 305-311, 2022.  Publisher. ECG Review

[2021] Stefan Blücher, Johanna Vielhaben, and Nils Strodthoff. PredDiff: Explanations and Interactions from Conditional Expectations. Artificial Intelligence 312, 103774, 2022.  Publisher arXiv Code. IF 14.1 XAI

[2021] Vignesh Srinivasan, Nils Strodthoff, Jackie Ma, Alexander Binder, Klaus-Robert Müller, Wojciech Samek. To pretrain or not? A systematic analysis of the benefits of pretraining in diabetic retinopathy PLOS ONE 17, No.10, e0274291, 2022.  Publisher arXiv Code. Retina SSL

[2021] Temesgen Mehari, and Nils Strodthoff. Self-supervised representation learning from 12-lead ECG data. Computers in Biology and Medicine 141, 105114, 2022.  Publisher arXiv Code. >150 citations ECG SSL

[2021] Johanna Vielhaben, and Nils Strodthoff. Generative Neural Samplers for the Quantum Heisenberg Chain. Phys. Rev. E 103, 063304, 2021.  Publisher arXiv Code. Physics GenAI

[2021] Nils Strodthoff, Claas Strodthoff, Tobias Becher, Norbert Weiler, and Inéz Frerichs. Inferring respiratory and circulatory parameters from electrical impedance tomography with deep recurrent models. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics 25, no. 8, 3105 - 3111, 2021.  Publisher arXiv. EIT

[2021] Nils Strodthoff, Patrick Wagner, Tobias Schaeffter, and Wojciech Samek. Deep Learning for ECG Analysis: Benchmarks and Insights from PTB-XL. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics 25, no. 5, 1519-1528, 2021.  Publisher arXiv Code. >400 citations ECG Bench

[2020] Johanna Vielhaben, Markus Wenzel, Wojciech Samek, and Nils Strodthoff. USMPep: Universal Sequence Models for Major Histocompatibility Complex Binding Affinity Prediction. BMC Bioinformatics 21, 279, 2020.  Publisher bioRxiv Code. Prot

[2020] Stefan Bluecher, Lukas Kades, Jan M. Pawlowski, Nils Strodthoff, Julian M. Urban. Towards Novel Insights in Lattice Field Theory with Explainable Machine Learning. Phys. Rev. D 101, 094507, 2020.  Publisher arXiv. >50 citations Physics XAI

[2020] Patrick Wagner, Nils Strodthoff, Ralf-Dieter Bousseljot, Dieter Kreiseler, Fatima I. Lunze. Wojciech Samek, and Tobias Schaeffter. PTB-XL, a large publicly available electrocardiography dataset. Scientific Data 7, 154, 2020.  Publisher. >1050 citations ECG Dataset

[2020] Kim Nicoli, Shinichi Nakajima, Nils Strodthoff, Wojciech Samek, Klaus-Robert Müller, and Pan Kessel. Asymptotically Unbiased Estimation of Physical Observables with Neural Samplers. Phys. Rev. E 101, 023304, 2020.  arXiv Publisher. >125 citations Physics GenAI

[2020] Nils Strodthoff, Patrick Wagner, Markus Wenzel, and Wojciech Samek. UDSMProt: universal deep sequence models for protein classification. Bioinformatics 36, no. 8, 2401-2409, 2020.  Publisher bioRxiv Code. >200 citations Prot LLM Bench

[2019] Nils Strodthoff, Barış Göktepe, Thomas Schierl, Cornelius Hellge, and Wojciech Samek. Enhanced Machine Learning Techniques for Early HARQ Feedback Prediction in 5G. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 37, no. 11, 2573-2587, 2019.  Publisher arXiv. IF13.8 >75 citations Comm

[2019] Nils Strodthoff, and Claas Strodthoff. Detecting and interpreting myocardial infarction using fully convolutional neural networks. Physiological Measurement 40, no. 1, 015001, 2019.  Publisher arXiv. >225 citations ECG

[2025] Johanna Vielhaben, Dilyara Bareeva, Jim Berend, Wojciech Samek, and N. Strodthoff, Beyond scalars: Concept-based alignment analysis in vision transformers, Second Workshop on Representational Alignment at ICLR 2025, 2025. Workshop arXiv Code. CV Align

[2025] Zahra Mansour, Sina Grabowski, Verena Uslar, Dirk Weyhe, Danilo Hollosi, and Nils Strodthoff. Analysing bowel sound signals: Insights from sonicguard data collection, DAS/DAGA 2025 - 51st Annual Meeting on Acoustics, 2025. Conference Sound Best paper award

[2024] Nils Strodthoff. Open science to foster progress in automatic ecg analysis: Status and future directions, Computing in Cardiology, 2024. Conference. ECG

[2024] Ciaran Bench, Nils Strodthoff, Mohammad Moulaeifard, Philip Aston, and Andrew Thompson, Towards trustworthy atrial fibrillation classification from wearables data: Quantifying model uncertainty, Computing in Cardiology, 2024. Conference. PPG UQ

[2024] Juan Miguel Lopez Alcaraz and Nils Strodthoff. Estimation of cardiac and non-cardiac diagnosis from electrocardiogram features, Computing in Cardiology, 2024. Conference arXiv Code. ECG

[2024] Juan Miguel Lopez Alcaraz and Nils Strodthoff. Cardiolab: Laboratory values estimation from electrocardiogram features – an exploratory study, Computing in Cardiology, 2024. Conference arXiv Code. ECG

[2024] Tiezhi Wang and Nils Strodthoff. Assessing the importance of long-range correlations for deep-learning-based sleep staging, Workshop Biosignale, Göttingen, 2024.  arXiv. EEG

[2022] Temesgen Mehari and Nils Strodthoff. Advancing the State-of-the-Art for ECG Analysis through Structured State Space Models, Machine Learning for Health (ML4H) symposium (extended abstract), 2022.  arXiv Code. ECG

[2022] Philip Aston, Temesgen Mehari, Alen Bosnjakovic, Peter Harris, Ashish Sundar, Steven Williams, Olaf Doessel, Axel Loewe, Claudia Nagel, and Nils Strodthoff. Multi-Class ECG Feature Importance Rankings: Cardiologists vs. Algorithms. Computing in Cardiology, 2022.  Conference ECG

[2021] Johanna Vielhaben, Markus Wenzel, Eva Weicken, and Nils Strodthoff. Predicting the Binding of SARS-CoV-2 Peptides to the Major Histocompatibility Complex with Recurrent Neural Networks. ICLR 2021 Workshop: Machine Learning for Preventing and Combating Pandemics, 2021.  Workshop arXiv Code. Prot

[2019] Jan Laermann, Wojciech Samek, and Nils Strodthoff. Achieving Generalizable Robustness of Deep Neural Networks by Stability Training. Pattern Recognition. DAGM GCPR 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 11824, 360-373, 2019.  Conference arXiv. CV Robust

[2018] Nils Strodthoff, Barış Göktepe, Thomas Schierl, Cornelius Hellge, and Wojciech Samek. Machine Learning Techniques for Early HARQ Feedback Prediction in 5G. IEEE Global Communications Conference Workshops (GLOBECOM), 2018. Comm

[2023] Nils Strodthoff, Temesgen Mehari, and Tobias Schaeffter. PTB-XL+, a comprehensive electrocardiographic feature dataset. PhysioNet, 2023. URL Publisher.

[2020] Patrick Wagner, Nils Strodthoff, Ralf-Dieter Bousseljot, Wojciech Samek, and Tobias Schaeffter. PTB-XL, a large publicly available electrocardiography dataset. PhysioNet, 2020. URL Publisher.

[2019] Nils Strodthoff, Arun Shroff, and Wojciech Samek. Aspects of Evaluation Procedures for Machine Learning Algorithms. Input Document FGAI4H-D-039, 2019.

For publications related to my work in high-energy physics/QCD see INSPIRE.

CV Computer Vision

TS Time Series

MM Multimodality

LLM Large Language Model

SSL Self-supervised Learning

XAI Explainable AI

UQ Uncertainty Quantification

Bench Benchmarking

Robust Robustness

GenAI Generative AI

ECG Electrocardiography

PPG Photoplethysmography

EHR Electronic Health Record

Prot Protein Data

Comm Communication System